IT Infrastructure Management PG

Question: Discuss about the IT Infrastructure Management PG. Answer: KPIs why important? According to Wu (2012), Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is a matric of business used to evaluate factors that are crucial to the success of an organization. KPIs differ per organization; business KPIs may be net revenue or a customer loyalty metric, while government might consider unemployment rates. KPI is used in business intelligence In order to analyse the present business trend and give advice for tactical course of actions. It must have a predefined organizational process and clear business objectives to meet the process. It is an active approach to find enterprise variances. Business intelligence (BI) As Chen et al. (2012) mentioned that, Business intelligence is a set of techniques and tools for the acquisition and transformation of raw data into meaningful and useful information for business analysis purposes. It has been found that Business intelligence is capable to handle enormous amount of structured and unstructured data to recognise or develop new business opportunities. Common functions of Business intelligence technologies are such as data mining, business performance management, process mining, complex event processing, text mining, benchmarking and predictive analysis. IT Agility According to Gligor and Holcomb (2012), Agility is the term used in business in order to describe how fast a business can respond to the existing opportunity and threats. IT Agility is how IT will enable business agility, how fast IT will deliver the required effectively and efficiency. IT Agility is the measure of capability to act, recognise and take benefit from changing business circumstances. SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a planning method that can help to evaluate the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of business entity or a project (Sevkli et al., 2012). SWOT analysis can be conducted for a place, industry, company or person. It helps to specify the objective of a business venture. It also helps to recognise the internal; and external factors of the business entity that help to achieve the objectives (Sevkli et al., 2012). It also helps to analyse the degree to which the internal environment of the firm matches with the external environment. Strategic planning According to Smith (2012), Strategic planning is an organizational management activity which helps to set priorities and aligning resources with business operation. It also helps to make sure that stakeholders and employees work towards the common goal. As Smith (2012) stated that strategic planning is a disciplined effort to produce fundamental decisions and actions that gives shapes to an organization. It decides what an organization is all about, what it offers, why it offers that, who it serves. Enterprise architecture According to Bernard (2012), Enterprise Architecture is a well-defined practice for conducting enterprise analysis, design, planning, and implementation, using a holistic approach at all times, for the successful development and execution of strategy. Enterprise architecture applies architecture principles and practices to guide organizations through the business, information, process, and technology changes necessary to execute their strategies. These practices utilize the various aspects of an enterprise to identify, motivate, and achieve these changes. It is responsible for performing the analysis on business structure and process. It also helps to draw conclusion form the gathered information. Management information systems Management information system concentrates on managing information in order to increase efficiency and effectiveness of strategic decision-making process. As Motro and Smets (2012) stated that, the concept of Management information system (MIS) may include term like expert system, decision support system and executive information system. All these terms have connection with other areas like information technology, e-commerce, information systems, informatics and computer science. Management information system studies organizations, people, technology and the relationships among them. DSS As Bright et al. (2012) mentioned that, Decision Support System (DSS) is computer based information system that enhance the decision making system of an organization. Bright et al. (2012) stated that DSSs serve the management, operations, and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help people make decisions about problems that may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advanced such as Unstructured and Semi-Structured decision problems. Decision support systems can be either fully computerized, human-powered or a combination of both. Cloud infrastructure According to Nez et al. (2012), Cloud infrastructure is the hardwareandsoftware components such asservers,storage, networking andvirtualizationsoftware that are needed to support the computing requirements of acloud computingmodel. In addition, cloud infrastructures include a software abstraction layer that virtualizes resources and logically presents them to users through programmatic means. Data and text mining As Chen et al. (2012) mentioned that data mining is interdisciplinary field of computer science. Data mining is the computational process involving a large data set at the intersection of database, machine learning, artificial intelligence and statistics. Text mining is also known as text data mining. As Nez et al. (2012) stated that text mining is referred as the process of driving high quality information from text. High quality information can be derived by devising statistical mean and pattern such statistical pattern learning. DMS Data Management System can be defined as the collection of data from multiple sources organised for sharing, distribution, sharing and subnetting. As Chen et al. (2012) stated that, generally Data Management System is found in the form of spoke and hub architecture. There are various products that promote themselves as the part of data management system. They are such as Datamarket, Dataverse, Windows Azure marketplace, Factual. Timeliness, quality, security, scalability and data modelling are the key characteristics of Data Management System. Big data As Chen et al. (2012) stated that, Big data is term use for data sets, which are so large that traditional data processing applications are unable to handle them. There are certain challenges included with Bid Data. They are such as storage, sharing, analysis, data duration, information privacy querying. It has been found that accuracy of big data leads to more confident data decision making. It has been found that better decisions leads to better operational efficiency, reduction of costs and risks. What is meant by the Internet of Things what business value does it create? As Miorandi et al. (2012) stated that, Internet of Things is the network of physical devices, building, vehicles and other device that are embedded with sensors, software, network connectivity and actuators that helps these objects to collect and exchange important data. IoT had been described by the Global Standard initiative as the infrastructure of the information society. It allows objects to be controlled and sensed remotely across the present network infrastructure. As Bonomi et al. (2012) stated that, it provides the opportunity to develop direct integration of the physical world into the computer based system. In the sense of IoT, Things can be referred as the large verity of devices like biochip transponders for firm animal, automobiles with built-in sensors and heart monitoring implants. It is also used for DNA analysis for food and environmental monitoring. According to Miorandi et al. (2012), Things can be describes as the inextricable mixture of software and hardware. It has been found that these devices can help to collect useful data with the help of existing technologies. After that, the data flow autonomously between other devices. Smart thermostat systems and dryers and washers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring system are the example of IoT. Creating business values It helps to seamlessly optimise the resources of an organization. IoT helps to develop connectivity between the software of labour management, plant production levels and virtual employee communities. It helps to deliver comprehensive data with the help of remote devices. It helps to improve resource handling capacity of the device. It provides valuable insight across the product life cycle. With the help of IoT, management of an organization can develop engagement analytics that can provide new product development opportunity to that organization. It can create value for the customers by linking them with the webpage. It helps to create brand loyalty by meeting the needs and desires of customers. Conduct a brief research to discuss and contrast between 4G and 5G Networks. As Qiao et al. (2015) stated that, mobile network technology is moving at an insistent pace. It has been fund that there are two major industry juggernauts, which control the present mobile technology. They are the 4G or Fourth generation wireless and 5G or Fifth Generation wireless technology. Android developers take a close look to both the technologies and try to find out where these technologies intersect. Many researchers also try to find out whether they have clear distinctions or not. The research executive of Ericsson Magnus Frodigh mentioned that, the generation game not only keeps the innovation spirit alive, it also earns the wireless industry precious marketing mileage that would otherwise take billions of dollars. Anatomy of 4G As Ratasuk et al. (2015) stated that, 4G is also known as Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. 4G wireless technology is the evolution of the existing 3G technology. It has been found that there are two major technologies that enable LTE technology to gain higher data rate than 3G standard. They are OFDM and MIMO. It has been found that Orthogonal Frequency Davison Multiples (OFDM) is a technique of transmission that utilises an enormous amount of closely spaced carriers, which are modulated for low data rates. It provides a spectral scheme of efficiency that provide high data rate. It gives users the permission to share a common channel. On the other hand, Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique helps to improve the spectral efficiency and data throughput with the help of multiple antennas at the receiver and transmitter. As Ratasuk et al. (2015) stated that it uses complex digital signal processing to develop multiple data streams on the same channel. Enter the 5G According to the Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN), 5G is defined as: 5G is an end-to-end ecosystem to enable a fully mobile and connected society. It empowers value creation toward customers and partners, through existing and emerging use cases delivered with consistent experience and enabled by sustainable business models. The 5G technology has raised the bar to Massive MIMO technology. This technology uses a large array of radiating materials the antenna matrix to a new level 16x16 to 156x156 MIMO. The major goals of 5G technologies are like: Increasing the capacity 1000 times It supports more than 100 billion connections It gives up to 10 Gbps speed Characteristics 4G 5G Technology It is a combination of LAN/WAN/PAN It is a combination of technologies such as 2G, 3G, LTE, LEE-A, M2M and Wi-Fi. Data Rate Up to 20Mbps Up to 1Gbps Switching Circuit switching and packet switching Circuit switching and packet switching Communication It uses Machine Type Communications (MTC) for the LOT traffic. 5G technology is being designed from grounds up to support MTC like devices. Figure 1: Differences between 4G and 5G technology (Source: Qiao et al., 2015) Overall e-health perspective As Benjamin et al. (2015) stated that, E- Medicine is the clinical medical knowledge base, which was founded by two doctors Richard Lavely and Scott Plantz in the year of 1996. The E- Medicine website consists of more than 6,800 articles. As Ring and Ammer (2015) stated that each of these articles are associated with anyone of the 62 subspecialty textbooks. For instance, it consists of 14 subspecialty textbooks for Pediatrics. Genetics, Cardiology, endocrinology and pulmonology are the part of these subspecialty textbooks. E-Medicine comprises of 750 articles on e-medicine. As Ring and Ammer (2015) stated that, each of these articles are written by authored certified specialist in the subspecialty in which the article belongs. Each article that belongs in the E-medicine is updated on the date of its publication. Pros and Cons for E-Medicine Advantages E-Medicine is recognised as the most referenced sources (84%) among specialists (Benjamin et al., 2015). The incidence of error and omission per article is half for E-Medicine (0.42) in comparison to MedlinePlus (0.98). It is also very useful for cancer research work. In the year of 2007, it is ranked as the second highest internet based source of information for paediatric neuro-oncology. E-Medicine provides different health related news to consumer on variety of subjects like public health perspectives, information on latest epidemics and health information on travelling abroad. It also provides information about healthy living. It consists of an extensive library of patient education articles (Ring Ammer, 2015). Disadvantages As Benjamin et al. (2015) argued that the quality of online information fluctuates significantly in E-Medicine. It has been found that the rate of fluctuation is from 46% to 84% in comparison with the current text books of medicines. However, e-medicine has some challenges related with reading and navigation procedure as well. The main components of the E- Medicine E-Medicine is actually conceived in 1996 named as Emergency medicine textbook. Since then, its content has expanded considerably. It includes various topic such as critical care, cardiology, clinical procedures, allergy, immunology, dermatology, endocrinology, emergency medicine, nephrology, infectious diseases, pathology, oncology, physical medicine, preoperative care, rehabilitation, radiology, psychiatry, sports medicine and rheumatology (Ring Ammer, 2015). There are various surgical subspecialties are included in the E-Medicine. They are such as plastic surgery orthopaedic surgery, ophthalmology, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, transplantation, thoracic surgery, urology, trauma and vascular surgery. Conclusion It has been found that E-Medicine is one of the most frequently used source of medical information in internet. It has been found that user friendliness and accuracy are the are two major reasons that makes it the most frequently referenced internet sources. It has been found that there are more than 10,000 contributors form various countries helped to create all these articles. It can be operated as an e-book and can be downloaded into smart phones, P.C. or tablets. It includes various topics such as critical care, cardiology, clinical procedures, allergy, immunology, dermatology, endocrinology, emergency medicine, nephrology, infectious diseases, pathology. User friendliness and accuracy makes it more popular among health specialists. However, it has some issues related with the quality of information and navigation system. References Benjamin, I., Griggs, R. C., Wing, E. J., Fitz, J. G. (2015).Andreoli and Carpenter's Cecil essentials of medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. Bernard, S. A. (2012).An introduction to enterprise architecture. AuthorHouse. Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., Addepalli, S. (2012). Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. InProceedings of the first edition of the MCC workshop on Mobile cloud computing(pp. 13-16). ACM. Bright, T. J., Wong, A., Dhurjati, R., Bristow, E., Bastian, L., Coeytaux, R. R., ... Wing, L. (2012). 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